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DGICA 10-K & 10-Q changes, risk factors and insider trading

Donegal Group Inc. (also DGICB) · Nasdaq · Fire, Marine & Casualty Insurance · CIK 800457 · All filings on SEC.gov

Everything below is quoted or computed from Donegal Group Inc.'s public SEC filings. It is not a recommendation to buy or sell. Automated comparisons can contain errors; confirm with the original filing.

At a glance

10 / 6risk-factor paragraphs added / removed in latest 10-K
2new risk-factor headings
23Form 4 filings reporting open-market purchases (last 180 days)
9Form 4 filings reporting open-market sales (last 180 days)

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What changed in the latest 10-K

Comparing 10-K filed 2026-03-06 (period ending 2025-12-31) with 10-K filed 2025-03-10 (period ending 2024-12-31).

Risk Factors (10-K Item 1A)

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6,475 → 6,786words in section

New heading “We face risks associated with technological change, including artificial intelligence, data modernization and cloud migration, and the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected if their competitors deploy such technologies more effectively or at greater scale.”

New heading “Economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.”

Removed heading “The pace of innovation within the insurance industry is rapidly increasing, and our insurance subsidiaries may be unable to effectively implement new technologies and anticipate changes in customer preferences and insurance needs, which could put our insurance subsidiaries at a competitive disadvantage and adversely affect their future profitability.”

Removed heading “The COVID-19 pandemic affected the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, and economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.”

Largest changes (selected automatically by length and topic keywords; quoted verbatim, no commentary)

Removed text topics: liquidity, pandemic
“The COVID-19 pandemic affected the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, and economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.”
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New text topics: liquidity, pandemic
“Economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.”
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New text topics: artificial intelligence
“We face risks associated with technological change, including artificial intelligence, data modernization and cloud migration, and the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected if their competitors deploy such technologies more effectively or at greater scale.”
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“The pace of innovation within the insurance industry is rapidly increasing, and our insurance subsidiaries may be unable to effectively implement new technologies and anticipate changes in customer preferences and insurance needs, which could put our insurance subsidiaries at a competitive disadvantage and adversely affect their future profitability.”
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New text topics: fine, artificial intelligence
“In addition, competitors, including larger insurers and technology-enabled companies, may have greater financial resources, broader data assets and more advanced analytical capabilities, enabling them to develop and scale artificial intelligence, automation and cloud-based solutions more rapidly or effectively than our insurance subsidiaries can. If competitors more effectively utilize technology to enhance risk selection, refine pricing, reduce expenses, improve claims handling or strengthen customer and agent experience, they may achieve superior underwriting performance or market share. …”
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New text topics: downgrade
“Industry ratings are a factor in establishing and maintaining the competitive position of insurance companies. A.M. Best, an industry-accepted source of insurance company financial strength ratings, rates Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. A.M. Best ratings provide an independent opinion of an insurance company’s financial health and its ability to meet its obligations to its policyholders. We believe that the financial strength rating of A.M. Best is material to the operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. …”
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Reworded

Loss severity in the property and casualty insurance industry has increased in recent years, principally driven by factors such as distracted driving, larger court judgments, higher jury awards and increasing medical medical and automobile and property repair costs, including increases due to inflation and supply chain disruption. In particular, future cost volatility for automobile replacement costs and repair parts could occur because of exposure to governmental trade policies, including tariffs, or geopolitical events. In addition, many classes of complainants have brought legal actions and proceedings, some of which may be funded by third-party litigation financing, that tend to increase the size of judgments. The propensity of policyholders and third-party claimants to utilize specialized plaintiff firms and litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards, to eliminate exclusions and to increase coverage limits may result in ultimate settlements of current and future losses that exceed the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries.

Added

We face risks associated with technological change, including artificial intelligence, data modernization and cloud migration, and the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected if their competitors deploy such technologies more effectively or at greater scale.

Added

The insurance industry is undergoing rapid technological change, including the expanded use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, advanced analytics, process automation and GenAI. Since 2018, Donegal Mutual has undertaken a multi-year modernization of its core systems, including replacement of legacy policy administration systems, implementation of a cloud-based data infrastructure and, beginning in 2026, migration of its Guidewire claims, billing and policy administration systems to the Guidewire cloud platform. Donegal Mutual has also begun deploying and piloting certain GenAI-enabled solutions to provide operating efficiencies and data-driven insights.

Added

These initiatives involve significant cost, operational complexity and reliance on third-party vendors. They may result in implementation delays, cost overruns, data migration errors, system integration challenges, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, service disruptions or diversion of management attention. These initiatives may not be completed as planned or achieve intended operational efficiencies or other benefits. Any disruption or failure could adversely affect the underwriting, billing or claims operations of our insurance subsidiaries and materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Added

In addition, competitors, including larger insurers and technology-enabled companies, may have greater financial resources, broader data assets and more advanced analytical capabilities, enabling them to develop and scale artificial intelligence, automation and cloud-based solutions more rapidly or effectively than our insurance subsidiaries can. If competitors more effectively utilize technology to enhance risk selection, refine pricing, reduce expenses, improve claims handling or strengthen customer and agent experience, they may achieve superior underwriting performance or market share. More sophisticated use of data and analytics by competitors could also increase adverse selection risks for insurers with comparatively less advanced capabilities.

Added

Our increasing reliance on third-party cloud platforms and technology providers exposes our insurance subsidiaries to vendor dependency and concentration risks. Any service disruption, cybersecurity incident or strategic misalignment involving a key vendor could impair the operations of our insurance subsidiaries or increase their costs.

Added

The use of artificial intelligence and GenAI presents additional operational, regulatory and reputational risks. Artificial intelligence models may produce inaccurate or unintended results, and evolving legal and regulatory standards governing artificial intelligence, data usage and algorithmic decision-making may increase compliance costs or restrict certain practices. Use of GenAI may also create unforeseen exposures or coverage issues under the policies our insurance subsidiaries issue or introduce new forms of claims fraud or cybercrime. If our insurance subsidiaries are unable to adapt to technological developments or compete effectively with organizations that deploy such technologies at greater scale, their competitive position and financial performance could be materially adversely affected.

Removed

The pace of innovation within the insurance industry is rapidly increasing, and our insurance subsidiaries may be unable to effectively implement new technologies and anticipate changes in customer preferences and insurance needs, which could put our insurance subsidiaries at a competitive disadvantage and adversely affect their future profitability.

Removed

Innovation, recent technological developments, changing customer demographics and preferences, societal shifts and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence are greatly impacting the insurance industry. Our insurance subsidiaries compete with much larger insurers that are focused on implementing technology and innovative solutions to select and price risks, identify and target potential customers, enhance the experience of their customers and improve their operations. If our insurance subsidiaries are unable to anticipate changes in customer expectations and keep pace with the technological changes their competitors implement, our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to attract and maintain quality accounts, adequately price risks or operate as efficiently as their competitors. In addition, emerging technologies such as electric and autonomous vehicles, driver-assistance and accident avoidance features on vehicles, sensor technology and other forms of automation may reduce the future need for, or decrease the future pricing of, the insurance products our insurance subsidiaries offer.

Removed

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, and economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.

Removed

During 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruptions in economic activity throughout our operating regions. We cannot predict the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption related to a pandemic may have on us. Risks related to a pandemic include, but are not limited to, the following:

Reworded

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual currently conduct business in a limited number of states, with a concentration of business in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland,Delaware, DelawareMaryland and Virginia. Any single catastrophe occurrence or other condition affecting losses in these states could adversely affect the results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

Reworded

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business in 21 states located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, Southern and Southwestern states.regions of the country. A substantial portion of their business consists of private passenger and commercial automobile, homeowners, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation insurance in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland,Delaware, DelawareMaryland and Virginia. While our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual actively manage their respective exposure to catastrophes through their underwriting processes and the purchase of reinsurance, a single catastrophic occurrence, destructive weather pattern, general economic trend, terrorist attack, regulatory development or other condition affecting one or more of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries conduct substantial business could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. Common catastrophic events include hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, wind and hailstorms, fires and wildfires, explosions and severe winter storms.

Added

The property and casualty insurance industry is intensely competitive, and the pricing of insurance products is subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. Competition can be based on many factors, including:

Added

Industry ratings are a factor in establishing and maintaining the competitive position of insurance companies. A.M. Best, an industry-accepted source of insurance company financial strength ratings, rates Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. A.M. Best ratings provide an independent opinion of an insurance company’s financial health and its ability to meet its obligations to its policyholders. We believe that the financial strength rating of A.M. Best is material to the operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. For example, certain lenders require customers to purchase insurance from an insurance carrier that has received an A.M. Best rating that exceeds a certain level. Currently, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries each have an A (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best. In May 2025, A.M. Best affirmed its A (Excellent) ratings of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. However, if A.M. Best were to downgrade the rating of Donegal Mutual or any of our insurance subsidiaries, it would adversely affect the competitive position of Donegal Mutual or that insurance subsidiary and make it more difficult for it to market its products and retain its existing policyholders.

Added

Economic disruption related to a future pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.

Added

We cannot predict the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption related to a pandemic may have on us. Risks related to a pandemic include, but are not limited to, the following:

Removed

Industry ratings are a factor in establishing and maintaining the competitive position of insurance companies. A.M. Best, an industry-accepted source of insurance company financial strength ratings, rates Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. A.M. Best ratings provide an independent opinion of an insurance company’s financial health and its ability to meet its obligations to its policyholders. We believe that the financial strength rating of A.M. Best is material to the operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. For example, certain lenders require customers to purchase insurance from an insurance carrier that has received an A.M. Best rating that exceeds a certain level. Currently, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries each have an A (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best. In May 2024, A.M. Best affirmed its A (Excellent) ratings of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. However, if A.M. Best were to downgrade the rating of Donegal Mutual or any of our insurance subsidiaries, it would adversely affect the competitive position of Donegal Mutual or that insurance subsidiary and make it more difficult for it to market its products and retain its existing policyholders.

Reworded

Donegal Mutual is currently in the midst of a multi-year effort to modernize certain of its key infrastructure and applications systems, and the allocation of related costs to our insurance subsidiaries has resulted in an increase to their expense ratio. These new systems are intended to provide various benefits to the member companies of the Donegal Insurance Group, including streamlined workflows and business processes, service enhancements for their agents and policyholders, opportunities to implement new product models and innovative business solutions, greater utilization of data analytics and operational efficiencies. SinceFrom 2020,2020 to 2024, we have implemented five major releases of new systems. In 2025, Donegal Mutual expectsimplemented tothe implementfinal two major releases of new systems for the remaining lines of business the Donegal Insurance Group issues currently and for the conversion of remaining legacy renewal policies of the Donegal Insurance Group. The conversion process will continue into 20262027 as legacy policies renew on a state-by-state rollout schedule. During 2025, Donegal Mutual also began planning for the migration of its claims, billing and policy administration application systems from on-premise versions to cloud-based versions of these applications that we expect will occur in a phased approach over the next two years. Even with Donegal Mutual’s and our best planning and efforts and the involvement of third-party experts, Donegal Mutual may not complete the implementation of these new systems within its planned timeframes or budget. Further, Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems may not deliver the benefits Donegal Mutual and we expect and may fail to keep pace with our competitors’ information technology systems. As a result, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries may not have the ability to grow their business and meet their profitability objectives.

Reworded

While we are currently placing less emphasis on pursuing acquisitions because Donegal Mutual and we believe there are significant opportunities for profitable organic growth, our strategy to grow in part through acquisitions of other insurance companies exposes us to risks that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Removed

The property and casualty insurance industry is intensely competitive. Competition can be based on many factors, including:

Reworded

Michigan law requires MICOseveral of our insurance subsidiaries to provide certain medical benefits under the personal injury protection, or PIP, coverage of the personal automobile and commercial automobile policies they it writeswrite in the state of Michigan. Michigan law also requires MICOthose insurance subsidiaries to be a membermembers of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association, or MCCA, in order to write automobile insurance. The MCCA receives funding through assessments that its members collect from policyholders in the state and provides reinsurance for PIP claims that exceed a set retention. At December 31, 2024,2025, MICOour insurance subsidiaries had approximately $46.3$45.5 million of reinsurance receivables from MCCA relating to paid and unpaid losses. The MCCA has generated significant operating deficits in past years. While the MCCA generated an increase in surplus in recent years, theand applicable Michigan law allows MCCA boardto approved the return of a significant portion ofassess its accumulatedmember surpluscompanies for all losses and deficits through adjustments to policyholders in the form of cash refundsfuture in early 2022.assessments. Although we currently consider the risk to be remote, should the MCCA be unable to fulfill its payment obligations to MICOour insurance subsidiaries in the future, MICO’sthe financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected.

Reworded

Donegal Mutual controls the election of all of the members of our board of directors. SevenSix of the eleventen members of our board of directors are also directors of Donegal Mutual. Donegal Mutual and we share the same executive officers. These common directors and executive officers have a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and also have a fiduciary duty to the policyholders of Donegal Mutual. Among the potential conflicts of interest that could arise from these these separate fiduciary duties are the following:

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) (10-K Item 7)

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New heading “YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024”

New heading “Net Investment Gains”

New heading “Net Income and Earnings Per Share”

Removed heading “YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022”

Removed heading “Net Investment Gains (Losses)”

Removed heading “Net Income (Loss) and Earnings (Loss) Per Share”

Largest changes (selected automatically by length and topic keywords; quoted verbatim, no commentary)

Removed text topics: fine, supply chain, labor
“Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 69.1% for 2023, compared to 68.6% for 2022. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio decreased to 64.8% for 2023, compared to 67.1% for 2022. This decrease resulted primarily from the commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreasing to 73.1% for 2023, compared to 79.2% for 2022, primarily due to a decrease in severity of non-weather claims. The personal lines loss ratio increased to 75.6% for 2023, compared to 71.0% for 2022. …”
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New text topics: fine
“Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 61.3% for 2025, compared to 64.5% for 2024. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio increased slightly to 62.1% for 2025, compared to 62.0% for 2024. The commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreased to 56.4% for 2025, compared to 57.5% for 2024. The commercial automobile loss ratio decreased to 63.5% for 2025, compared to 68.5% for 2024. The workers’ compensation loss ratio decreased to 67.4% for 2025, compared to 67.7% for 2024. …”
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“YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024”
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“YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022”
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“Net Income and Earnings Per Share”
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Full comparison: every changed paragraph (38)

Green = added, red = removed. Unchanged paragraphs, 14 paragraphs where only numbers/dates changed, and tables are not shown. Read the complete text in the original filing.

Reworded

On April 29, 2022, Donegal Mutual disclosed that it will, at its discretion, purchase shares of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. Such disclosure did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program. Donegal Mutual purchased 1,057,282776,332 and 516,6201,057,282 shares of of our Class A common stock during 20242025 and 2023,2024, respectively. Donegal Mutual purchased 43,404 shares of our Class B common stock during 2025. Donegal Mutual did not purchase any shares of our Class B common stock during 2024 or 2023.2024.

Added

In September 2025, Donegal Mutual and Southern entered into a renewal rights agreement with an affiliate of a farm-focused Pennsylvania-based mutual insurance group to provide a continuation option for their farm policyholders when they begin to non-renew all farm policies as they expire beginning in the second quarter of 2026. Donegal Mutual and Southern determined that the costs required to modernize the legacy farm product and systems were higher than the projected return on investment for this non-core line of business that represents approximately $6 million in premiums. None of our other insurance subsidiaries offered farm policies. We currently include farm policies within other commercial lines in our line of business reporting.

Reworded

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in subsequentseveral following years due to a a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. These trend changes caused significant disruption to historical loss patterns and givegave rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertaintiesUncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of replacement automobile parts and building materials, availability availability and cost of skilled labor, the rate of specialized plaintiff attorney involvement in claims, plaintiff attorney utilization of litigation financing and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at December 31, 2024.2025. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $7.0$7.1 million.

Reworded

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $10.3 million, $15.0 million,million and $16.7 million and $44.8 million in 2024,2025, 20232024 and 2022,2023, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2025 development represented 1.5% of the December 31, 2024 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in all lines of business except other commercial lines (which is primarily commercial umbrella liability) for accident years prior to 2025. The majority of the 2025 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Southern and Peninsula. The 2024 development represented 2.2% of the December 31, 2023 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the commercial multi-peril, personal automobile and homeowner lines of business, offset partially by higher-than-expected loss emergence in the workers’ compensation and commercial automobile lines of business, for accident years prior to 2024. The majority of the 2024 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2023 development represented 2.5% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2023. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 2023 development represented 7.2%2.5% of the December 31, 20212022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2022. 2023. The majority of the 20222023 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

Removed

Despite challenging insurance market conditions and increasing property and casualty loss severity trends that affected our results in recent years, we believe that our focused business strategy, including our insurance subsidiaries’ ongoing implementation of premium rate increases and refinements to their underwriting practices, have positioned us well for 2025 and beyond.

Reworded

We believe that our focused business strategy has positioned us well for 2026 and beyond. Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our commercial lines and personal lines segments utilizing statutory accounting practices (“SAP”), which include financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries.

Added

The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for 2025:

Removed

The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for 2022:

Added

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

Added

Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned decreased to $921.2 million for 2025, a decrease of $15.5 million, or 1.7%, compared to 2024, primarily reflecting lower new business writings, offset partially by solid premium retention and renewal premium increases. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Such terms are generally one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding twelve-month period compared to the same period one year earlier.

Added

Our insurance subsidiaries’ 2025 net premiums written decreased 4.0% to $904.8 million, compared to $942.3 million for 2024. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $16.0 million, or 2.9%, for 2025 compared to 2024. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to solid premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers’ compensation, offset partially by lower new business writings. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $53.5 million, or 13.6%, for 2025 compared to 2024. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to planned attrition due to lower new business writings and strategic non-renewal actions, offset partially by a continuation of renewal premium rate increases and solid retention.

Added

For 2025, our net investment income increased 17.2% to $52.6 million, compared to $44.9 million for 2024, due primarily to higher average invested assets and an increase in the average investment yield compared to the prior year.

Added

Net Investment Gains

Added

Our net investment gains for 2025 were $619,342, compared to $5.0 million for 2024. The net investment gains for 2025 and 2024 were primarily related to increases in the market value of the equity securities held at the end of the respective periods, with the increase in 2025 offset largely by net realized investment losses on the strategic sales of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. We did not recognize any impairment losses during 2025 or 2024.

Added

Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 61.3% for 2025, compared to 64.5% for 2024. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio increased slightly to 62.1% for 2025, compared to 62.0% for 2024. The commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreased to 56.4% for 2025, compared to 57.5% for 2024. The commercial automobile loss ratio decreased to 63.5% for 2025, compared to 68.5% for 2024. The workers’ compensation loss ratio decreased to 67.4% for 2025, compared to 67.7% for 2024. The personal lines loss ratio decreased to 60.0% for 2025, compared to 68.0% for 2024, due primarily to the continued benefit of earned premium rate increases and lower weather-related losses. The personal automobile loss ratio decreased to 57.7% for 2025, compared to 68.5% for 2024. The homeowners loss ratio decreased to 66.0% for 2025, compared to 66.7% for 2024. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $10.3 million, or 1.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2025 in their reserves for prior accident years, compared to approximately $15.0 million, or 1.6 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2024. The favorable loss reserve development in 2025 resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the commercial multi-peril, personal automobile, commercial automobile, homeowners, other personal lines and workers’ compensation lines of business, offset partially by unfavorable development in the other commercial lines of business (which is primarily umbrella liability). Weather-related losses of $56.9 million, or 6.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2025 decreased from $67.7 million, or 7.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2024, with the decrease primarily impacting the commercial multi-peril and homeowners lines of business. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, were $43.9 million, or 4.8 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2025, compared to $45.8 million, or 4.9 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2024.

Added

Our insurance subsidiaries’ expense ratio, which is the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned, was 33.8% for 2025, compared to 33.7% for 2024. The impact from costs that Donegal Mutual Insurance Company allocated to our insurance subsidiaries related to its systems modernization project represented approximately 1.2 percentage points of the expense ratio for 2025.

Added

Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratio was 95.4% and 98.6% for 2025 and 2024, respectively. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of workers’ compensation policy dividends incurred to premiums earned. We attribute the decrease in our combined ratio primarily to the decrease in the loss ratio.

Added

Our interest expense for 2025 increased to $1.4 million, compared to $946,020 for 2024. We attribute the increase to higher interest rates on borrowings under our lines of credit during 2025 compared to 2024.

Added

Our income tax expense was $18.3 million for 2025, compared to $11.5 million for 2024. Our effective tax rate for 2025 and 2024 was 18.7% and 18.4%, respectively.

Added

Net Income and Earnings Per Share

Added

Our net income for 2025 was $79.3 million, or $2.18 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $2.01 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $50.9 million, or $1.53 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $1.38 per share of Class B common stock, for 2024. We had 31.4 million and 30.0 million Class A shares outstanding at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding for both periods. There are no outstanding securities that dilute our shares of Class B common stock.

Added

Our stockholders’ equity increased by $94.6 million during 2025, primarily due to our net income, after-tax unrealized gains within our available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio and other increases, offset partially by the cash dividends we declared during the year, resulting in an increase in our book value per share to $17.33 at December 31, 2025, compared to $15.36 a year earlier.

Removed

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022

Removed

Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned increased to $882.1 million for 2023, an increase of $59.6 million, or 7.2%, compared to 2022, primarily reflecting solid premium retention and renewal premium increases. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Such terms are generally one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding twelve-month period compared to the same period one year earlier.

Removed

Our insurance subsidiaries’ 2023 net premiums written increased 6.2% to $895.7 million, compared to $843.5 million for 2022. Commercial lines net premiums written decreased $2.4 million, or 0.5%, for 2023 compared to 2022. We attribute the decrease in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to planned attrition in states we are exiting or have targeted for profit improvement, lower new business writings and reinsurance reinstatement premiums on our property excess of loss reinsurance program, offset partially by strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers’ compensation. Personal lines net premiums written increased $54.6 million, or 17.5%, for 2023 compared to 2022. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to renewal premium increases and strong policy retention.

Removed

For 2023, our net investment income increased 20.1% to $40.9 million, compared to $34.0 million for 2022, due primarily to higher average reinvestment yields and higher average invested assets for 2023 compared to 2022.

Removed

Net Investment Gains (Losses)

Removed

Our net investment gains for 2023 were $3.2 million. Our net investment losses for 2022 were $10.2 million. The net investment gains (losses) for 2023 and 2022 were primarily related to increases (decreases) in the market value of the equity securities held at the end of the respective periods. We did not recognize any impairment losses during 2023 or 2022.

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Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 69.1% for 2023, compared to 68.6% for 2022. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio decreased to 64.8% for 2023, compared to 67.1% for 2022. This decrease resulted primarily from the commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreasing to 73.1% for 2023, compared to 79.2% for 2022, primarily due to a decrease in severity of non-weather claims. The personal lines loss ratio increased to 75.6% for 2023, compared to 71.0% for 2022. The personal automobile loss ratio increased to 78.5% for 2023, compared to 72.1% for 2022, primarily due to an increase in automobile claim severity due to the ongoing impact of supply chain disruption and labor shortages on the costs of repair and replacement vehicles. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $16.7 million, or 1.9 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2023 in their reserves for prior accident years, compared to approximately $44.8 million, or 5.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, during 2022. The favorable loss reserve development in 2023 resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2023. Weather-related losses of $72.9 million, or 8.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2023 increased from $63.5 million, or 7.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2022, with the increase primarily impacting the homeowners line of business. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, were $45.4 million, or 5.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2023, compared to $53.5 million, or 6.5 percentage points of the loss ratio, for 2022. The decrease was related to lower average claim severity of both commercial property and home fires in 2023 compared to 2022.

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Our insurance subsidiaries’ expense ratio, which is the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned, was 34.7% for 2023, compared to 34.1% for 2022. We attribute the modest increase to higher technology system-related expenses for 2023 compared to 2022, offset somewhat by decreased underwriting-based incentive costs for our employees for 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in technology systems-related expenses for 2023 was primarily due to an increased allocation of costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries following the successful implementation of two additional major releases of new systems as part of our ongoing systems modernization project in 2023. We expect the impact from allocated costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries related to the ongoing systems modernization project will peak at approximately 1.25 percentage points of the expense ratio in 2024 before beginning to subside gradually in subsequent years.

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Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratio was 104.4% and 103.3% for 2023 and 2022, respectively. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of workers’ compensation policy dividends incurred to premiums earned. We attribute the increase in our combined ratio primarily to the increases in the loss and expense ratios.

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Our interest expense for 2023 decreased slightly to $619,813, compared to $620,558 for 2022.

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Our income tax expense was $637,972 for 2023, compared to an income tax benefit of $1.7 million for 2022. Our effective tax rate for 2023 was 12.6%.

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Net Income (Loss) and Earnings (Loss) Per Share

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Our net income for 2023 was $4.4 million, or $0.14 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $0.11 per share of Class B common stock, compared to a net loss for 2022 of $2.0 million, or $0.06 per share of Class A common stock and $0.07 per share of Class B common stock. We had 27.8 million and 27.1 million Class A shares outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding for both periods. There are no outstanding securities that dilute our shares of Class B common stock.

Removed

Our stockholders’ equity decreased by $3.8 million during 2023, primarily due to the cash dividends we declared exceeding our net income and other increases during the year, resulting in a decrease in our book value per share to $14.39 at December 31, 2023, compared to $14.79 a year earlier.

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The carrying value of our fixed maturity investments represented 94.5% and 95.6% of our total invested assets at December 31, 20242025 and 2023.2024, respectively.

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In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance to enhance the transparency and usefulness of income tax disclosures. The guidance requires disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation table and additional additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold of equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate. The guidance also requires requires disaggregated disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid for federal, state and foreign taxes. TheWe guidancerefer isto effectiveNote 11- Income Taxes for annualfurther periodsinformation beginningand afterdisclosure Decemberof 15,items 2024.required within the amended and enhanced guidance. The adoption of this guidance willdid not have an impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

What changed in the latest 10-Q

Comparing 10-Q filed 2026-08-04 (period ending 2026-06-30) with 10-Q filed 2026-05-07 (period ending 2026-03-31).

Risk Factors (10-Q Part II, Item 1A)

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The section in the latest 10-Q reads in full:

Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2026. There have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form 10-K Report during the six months ended June 30, 2026.

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Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K that we filed with the SECSecurities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2026. There have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form 10-K Report during the three six months ended MarchJune 31,30, 2026.

Management's Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) (10-Q Part I, Item 2)

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4,685 → 5,836words in section

New heading “Results of Operations - Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2025”

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“Results of Operations - Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2025”
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“Net Investment Gains. Net investment gains for the first half of 2026 were $2.8 million, compared to $1.1 million for the first half of 2025. The net investment gains for the first half of 2026 and 2025 primarily related to unrealized gains in the fair value of equity securities, offset partially by net realized investment losses on the sale of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the first half of 2026 or 2025.”
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“Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 61.8% for the first half of 2026, an increase from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 60.9% for the first half of 2025. The core loss ratio, which excludes weather-related losses, large fire losses and net development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years, was 52.3% for the first half of 2026, compared to 52.1% for the first half of 2025. …”
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On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SECSecurities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the threesix months ended MarchJune 31,30, 2026 or 2025. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through MarchJune 31,30, 2026.
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Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 64.1%59.5% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, ana increasedecrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 56.7%65.1% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. The core loss ratio, which excludes weather-related losses, large fire losses and net development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years, was 53.4%51.0% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, aan decreaseincrease from the core loss ratio of 54.2%50.1% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. For the commercial lines segment, the core loss ratio of 57.6%54.0% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 remained relatively decreasedconsistent fromwith 58.3%54.5% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. For the personal lines segment, the core loss ratio of 46.5%45.8% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 decreasedincreased modestly from 48.7%43.3% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute the decrease in the commercial lines core loss ratio primarily as a result ofto ongoing premium rate increases in all lines except workers’workers' compensation. We attribute the decreaseincrease in the personal lines core loss ratio primarily to the favorable impact oflower premium rate increasesincreases, onas netrate premiumsadequacy has earnedlargely been achieved for the personal lines segment. Weather-related losses were $17.2$11.9 million, or 7.85.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, compared to $8.6$25.8 million, or 3.711.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. The impact of weather-related loss activity to the loss ratio for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 was highermuch lower than our previous five-year average of first$20.3 million, or 9.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, for second quarter weather-related losses. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 were $12.2$15.0 million, or 5.56.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $7.7$12.1 million, or 3.3 5.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute the increase to higher losscommercial frequencyproperty andfire severitylosses that were partially offset by a decrease in homeowners fire losses compared to the prior-year quarter. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 68.8%63.2% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, compared to 59.7%65.8% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025, primarily due to increasesdecreases in the commercial multi-perilautomobile, workers' compensation and other commercial lines of business loss ratios, offset partially by aan decreaseincrease in the workers’commercial compensationmulti-peril line of business loss ratio. The personal lines loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries increaseddecreased to 56.4%53.2% for the first second quarter of 2026, compared to 52.5%64.1% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute this increasedecrease primarily to anthe increasedecrease in the homeowners and other personal lines of business loss ratios, offset partially by a decrease in the personal automobile line of business loss ratio. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced net favorable loss reserve development of $7.8 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 of $5.7 million that decreased the loss ratio by 2.63.5 percentage points, compared to $10.5$3.0 million of net favorable loss reserve development that decreased the loss ratio for the firstsecond quarter of 2025 by 4.51.3 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the personal automobile, workers' compensation, commercial automobile and personal automobile lines of business, offset partially by unfavorable development in the commercial multi-peril and commercial other liabilityhomeowners lines of business for the firstsecond quarter of 2026.
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“Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the first half of 2026 were $465.7 million, a decrease of $15.2 million, or 3.2%, from the $480.9 million of net premiums written for the first half of 2025. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $4.7 million, or 1.5%, for the first half of 2026 compared to the first half of 2025. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $19.9 million, or 11.3%, for the first half of 2026 compared to the first half of 2025. …”
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Reworded

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in subsequent years due to a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. These trend changes caused significant disruption to historical loss patterns and give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of replacement automobile parts and building materials (including due to tariffs), availability and cost of skilled labor, the rate of litigation (including specialized plaintiff attorney involvement) in claims, increasing plaintiff attorney utilization of litigation financing and its impact on litigation strategies and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at MarchJune 31,30, 2026. At MarchJune 31,30, 2026, for every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $7.2 million.

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Our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at MarchJune 31,30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consisted of the following:

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The following tables provide reconciliations of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for the three and six months ended MarchJune 31,30, 2026 and 2025:

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The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the three and six months ended MarchJune 31,30, 2026 and 2025:

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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended MarchJune 31,30, 2026 Compared to Three Months Ended MarchJune 31,30, 2025

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Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 were $221.4$222.6 million, a decrease of $11.3$9.2 million, or 4.9%, 4.0%, compared to $232.7$231.8 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2025, primarily reflecting lower new business writings, offset partially by solid premium retention and renewal premium increasesincreases, offset partially by modestly higher new business writings in the preceding twelve-month period.

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Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 were $239.3$226.4 million, a decrease of $7.8$7.4 million, or 3.2%, from the $247.1 $233.8 million of net premiums written for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $3.5$1.2 million, or 2.2%,0.8%, for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 compared to the firstsecond quarter of 2025. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $11.3$8.6 million, or 13.1%,9.7%, for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 compared to the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to new business writings, solidoffset retentionpartially andby a continuation lower level of renewal premium increases inand lines other than workers’ compensation.retention. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to lower new business writings,attrition, offset partially by modest renewal premium rate increases and solid retention.incremental growth in new business writings. We believe that the decrease in personal lines net premiums written will gradually taper over the course of 2026 as actions we have taken to slow and eventually reverse the decline take effect.

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Investment Income. Our net investment income was $14.3$14.5 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, an increase of $2.3 $2.0 million, or 19.2%,15.6%, compared to $12.0 $12.5 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in the average investment yield and higher average invested assets relative to the firstsecond quarter of 2025.

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Net Investment Losses.Gains. Net investment lossesgains for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 and 2025 were $479,224$3.3 million and $470,861,$1.5 million, respectively. The net investment lossesgains for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 and 2025 were primarily related to decreasesunrealized gains in the marketfair value of the equity securities we held at June 30, 2026 and 2025, offset partially by net realized investment losses on the endsale of theavailable-for-sale respectivefixed-maturity periods.securities. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the firstsecond quarter of 2026 or 2025.

Reworded

Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 64.1%59.5% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, ana increasedecrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 56.7%65.1% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. The core loss ratio, which excludes weather-related losses, large fire losses and net development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years, was 53.4%51.0% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, aan decreaseincrease from the core loss ratio of 54.2%50.1% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. For the commercial lines segment, the core loss ratio of 57.6%54.0% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 remained relatively decreasedconsistent fromwith 58.3%54.5% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. For the personal lines segment, the core loss ratio of 46.5%45.8% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 decreasedincreased modestly from 48.7%43.3% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute the decrease in the commercial lines core loss ratio primarily as a result ofto ongoing premium rate increases in all lines except workers’workers' compensation. We attribute the decreaseincrease in the personal lines core loss ratio primarily to the favorable impact oflower premium rate increasesincreases, onas netrate premiumsadequacy has earnedlargely been achieved for the personal lines segment. Weather-related losses were $17.2$11.9 million, or 7.85.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, compared to $8.6$25.8 million, or 3.711.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. The impact of weather-related loss activity to the loss ratio for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 was highermuch lower than our previous five-year average of first$20.3 million, or 9.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, for second quarter weather-related losses. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 were $12.2$15.0 million, or 5.56.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $7.7$12.1 million, or 3.3 5.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute the increase to higher losscommercial frequencyproperty andfire severitylosses that were partially offset by a decrease in homeowners fire losses compared to the prior-year quarter. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 68.8%63.2% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, compared to 59.7%65.8% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025, primarily due to increasesdecreases in the commercial multi-perilautomobile, workers' compensation and other commercial lines of business loss ratios, offset partially by aan decreaseincrease in the workers’commercial compensationmulti-peril line of business loss ratio. The personal lines loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries increaseddecreased to 56.4%53.2% for the first second quarter of 2026, compared to 52.5%64.1% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We attribute this increasedecrease primarily to anthe increasedecrease in the homeowners and other personal lines of business loss ratios, offset partially by a decrease in the personal automobile line of business loss ratio. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced net favorable loss reserve development of $7.8 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 of $5.7 million that decreased the loss ratio by 2.63.5 percentage points, compared to $10.5$3.0 million of net favorable loss reserve development that decreased the loss ratio for the firstsecond quarter of 2025 by 4.51.3 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the personal automobile, workers' compensation, commercial automobile and personal automobile lines of business, offset partially by unfavorable development in the commercial multi-peril and commercial other liabilityhomeowners lines of business for the firstsecond quarter of 2026.

Reworded

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 35.4%35.8% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, compared to 34.6%32.2% for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected the impactimpacts of higher underwriting-based incentive costs for agents and employees as well as higher technology-related expenses and a lower base of lower net premiums earned upon which the ratio is based. The impact from allocated costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries relatedcompared to the ongoingprior-year systems modernization project represented approximately 1.6 percentage points of the expense ratio for the first quarter of 2026. We expect that the expense ratio impact of allocated costs related to the project will be 1.4 percentage points for the full year of 2026, subsiding gradually over the next several years.quarter.

Reworded

Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 99.8%95.6% and 91.6%97.7% for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 and 2025, respectively. We attribute the increasedecrease in the combined ratio primarily to increasesa decrease in the loss and ratio, partially offset by an increase in the expense ratiosratio for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 compared to the firstsecond quarter of 2025.

Reworded

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $2.6$5.2 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2026, representing an effective tax rate of 18.5%.19.0%. We recorded income tax expense of $6.0$3.6 million for the firstsecond quarter of 2025, representing an effective tax rate of 19.1%.17.4%. The income tax expense for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 and 2025 represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Reworded

Net Income and Net Income Per Share. Our net income for the firstsecond quarter of 2026 was $11.5$22.3 million, or $.31$.60 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.29$.55 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $25.2$16.9 million, or $.71$.46 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.65$.43 per share of Class B common stock, for the firstsecond quarter of 2025. We had 31.431.5 million and 30.430.9 million Class A shares outstanding at MarchJune 31,30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

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Results of Operations - Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

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Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the first half of 2026 were $443.9 million, a decrease of $20.5 million, or 4.4%, compared to $464.5 million for the first half of 2025, primarily reflecting lower retention and renewal premium increases, offset partially by modestly higher new business writings in the preceding twelve-month period.

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Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the first half of 2026 were $465.7 million, a decrease of $15.2 million, or 3.2%, from the $480.9 million of net premiums written for the first half of 2025. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $4.7 million, or 1.5%, for the first half of 2026 compared to the first half of 2025. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $19.9 million, or 11.3%, for the first half of 2026 compared to the first half of 2025. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to new business writings, offset partially by a lower level of renewal premium increases and retention. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to attrition, offset partially by modest renewal premium rate increases and incremental growth in new business writings.

Added

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $28.8 million for the first half of 2026, an increase of $4.3 million, or 17.3%, compared to $24.5 million for the first half of 2025. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in the average investment yield and higher average invested assets relative to the first half of 2025.

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Net Investment Gains. Net investment gains for the first half of 2026 were $2.8 million, compared to $1.1 million for the first half of 2025. The net investment gains for the first half of 2026 and 2025 primarily related to unrealized gains in the fair value of equity securities, offset partially by net realized investment losses on the sale of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the first half of 2026 or 2025.

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Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 61.8% for the first half of 2026, an increase from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 60.9% for the first half of 2025. The core loss ratio, which excludes weather-related losses, large fire losses and net development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years, was 52.3% for the first half of 2026, compared to 52.1% for the first half of 2025. For the commercial lines segment, the core loss ratio of 55.8% for the first half of 2026 remained relatively consistent with 56.4% for the first half of 2025. For the personal lines segment, the core loss ratio of 46.2% for the first half of 2026 remained relatively consistent with 46.0% for the first half of 2025. Weather-related losses were $29.1 million, or 6.5 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first half of 2026, compared to $34.4 million, or 7.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first half of 2025. Large fire losses for the first half of 2026 were $27.2 million, or 6.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $19.8 million, or 4.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first half of 2025. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 65.9% for the first half of 2026, compared to 62.9% for the first half of 2025, primarily due to increases in the commercial multi-peril loss ratio, offset partially by a decrease in the commercial automobile and workers’ compensation loss ratios. The personal lines loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries decreased to 54.8% for the first half of 2026, compared to 58.2% for the first half of 2025. We attribute this decrease primarily to a decrease in the homeowners and personal automobile loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development for the first half of 2026 of approximately $13.6 million that decreased the loss ratio by 3.1 percentage points, compared to $13.5 million that decreased the loss ratio for the first half of 2025 by 2.9 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the personal automobile, commercial automobile, workers' compensation and homeowners lines of business for the first half of 2026, offset partially by unfavorable development in the commercial multi-peril and other commercial lines of business that we attribute to higher-than-anticipated case reserve development.

Added

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 35.6% for the first half of 2026, compared to 33.4% for the first half of 2025. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected the impacts of higher underwriting-based incentive costs for agents and employees as well as higher technology-related expenses and a lower base of net premiums earned compared to the first half of 2025.

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Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 97.7% and 94.6% for the first half of 2026 and 2025, respectively. We attribute the increase in the combined ratio primarily to increases in the loss and expense ratios for the first half of 2026 compared to the first half of 2025.

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Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $7.9 million for the first half of 2026, representing an effective tax rate of 18.8%. We recorded income tax expense of $9.5 million for the first half of 2025, representing an effective tax rate of 18.4%. The income tax expense for the first half of 2026 and 2025 represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Added

Net Income and Net Income Per Share. Our net income for the first half of 2026 was $33.8 million, or $0.91 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $0.84 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $42.1 million, or $1.17 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $1.08 per share of Class B common stock, for the first half of 2025. We had 31.5 million and 30.9 million Class A shares outstanding at June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Reworded

We have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow to fund our commitments and add to our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns. The impact of the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States has historically been cash-flow positive because of the consistent underwriting profitability of the underwriting pool. Because we settle the pool monthly, our cash flows are substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from the underwriting of direct business. We maintain a high degree of liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach, so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective. This laddering approach provides an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations and the obligations of our insurance subsidiaries should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Net cash flows provided by operating activities in the first threesix months of 2026 and 2025 were $20.2$26.1 million and $25.7$37.9 million, respectively.

Reworded

At MarchJune 31,30, 2026, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at an interest rate equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%. At MarchJune 31,30, 2026, Atlantic States had a $35.0 million outstanding advance with the FHLB of Pittsburgh that carries a fixed interest rate of 3.806% and is due in September 2026. We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities.

Reworded

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SECSecurities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the threesix months ended MarchJune 31,30, 2026 or 2025. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through MarchJune 31,30, 2026.

Reworded

On AprilJuly 16, 2026, our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.1925 per share of our Class A common stock and $0.175 per share of our Class B common stock, payable on MayAugust 15,14, 2026 to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on MayJuly 1,31, 2026. There are no restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are restrictions under applicable state state laws on the payment of dividends from our insurance subsidiaries to us, which is a significant source of cash for payment of stockholder dividends by us. Our insurance subsidiaries are required by law to maintain minimum surplus on a statutory basis basis and are subject to regulations under which their payment of dividends from statutory surplus is restricted and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk based based capital (“RBC”) requirements. The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, was not significant in relation to our insurance subsidiaries’ subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2025. Our insurance subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to us during the first threesix months of 2026. Amounts remaining available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries subsidiaries without prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities in 2026 are approximately $50.8 million from Atlantic States, $10.2 million from MICO and $5.4 million from Peninsula, or a total of approximately $66.4 million.

Reworded

At MarchJune 31,30, 2026, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.

DGICA insider buying and selling (Form 4)

Since 2026-04-11, insiders reported open-market purchases in 23 Form 4 filings (1 insider, 43 trade dates, 449,424 shares, about $8.2M) and open-market sales in 9 filings (9 insiders, 5 trade dates, 122,358 shares, about $2.4M). Net open-market shares: 327,066 (purchases minus sales); net value about $5.8M.Totals add up every open-market (code P and S) line in those filings, using the prices reported in the filings. Awards, option exercises, tax withholding and gifts are listed below but not counted.

Trade dateInsiderTransactionSharesPriceValueOwned afterFiling
2026-09-11Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,725$19.25 $187.2K14,342,128 SEC
2026-09-11Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 45,000$19.23 $865.4K14,387,128 SEC
2026-09-11Miller Jeffrey Dean
EVP & Chief Financial Officer
Option exercise 21,000$14.39 $302.2K48,176 SEC
2026-09-11Miller Jeffrey Dean
EVP & Chief Financial Officer
Open-market sale 21,000$19.23 $403.8K27,176 SEC
2026-09-11Burke Kevin Gerard
Director, President & Chief Exec Officer
Option exercise 24,000$14.39 $345.4K37,870 SEC
2026-09-11Burke Kevin Gerard
Director, President & Chief Exec Officer
Open-market sale 24,000$19.23 $461.5K13,870 SEC
2026-09-10Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.13 $191.3K14,332,403 SEC
2026-09-09Bawel David Benjamin
SVP & CHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICER
Option exercise 8,326$14.39 $119.8K30,657 SEC
2026-09-09Bawel David Benjamin
SVP & CHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICER
Open-market sale 8,326$19.28 $160.5K22,331 SEC
2026-09-09Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 5,143$18.89 $97.2K14,314,077 SEC
2026-09-09Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 8,326$19.28 $160.5K14,322,403 SEC
2026-09-08Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.14 $191.4K14,308,934 SEC
2026-09-04Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 6,368$19.39 $123.5K14,298,934 SEC
2026-09-03Huber Barry Craig
Director
Option exercise 4,500$14.09 $63.4K21,067 SEC
2026-09-03Huber Barry Craig
Director
Open-market sale 4,500$19.43 $87.4K16,567 SEC
2026-09-03Viozzi Vincent Anthony
Sr. VP & Chief Inv Officer
Open-market sale 2,282$19.50 $44.5K5,861 SEC
2026-09-03Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,595$19.53 $187.4K14,292,566 SEC
2026-09-02Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.43 $194.3K14,282,971 SEC
2026-09-01Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,257$19.17 $177.5K14,272,971 SEC
2026-08-31Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.18 $191.8K14,263,714 SEC
2026-08-28Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.19 $191.9K14,253,714 SEC
2026-08-27Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$18.95 $189.5K14,243,714 SEC
2026-08-26Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,508$19.11 $181.7K14,233,714 SEC
2026-08-25Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.00 $190.0K14,224,206 SEC
2026-08-24Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$19.06 $190.6K14,214,206 SEC
2026-08-21Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$18.68 $186.8K14,204,206 SEC
2026-08-20Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,815$18.66 $183.1K14,194,206 SEC
2026-08-19Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,700$18.61 $180.5K14,184,391 SEC
2026-08-18Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$18.60 $186.0K14,174,691 SEC
2026-08-17Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 10,000$18.52 $185.2K14,164,691 SEC
2026-08-14Viozzi Vincent Anthony
Sr. VP & Chief Inv Officer
Other 32$19.45 $6223,233 SEC
2026-08-14Miller Jeffrey Dean
EVP & Chief Financial Officer
Other 417$19.45 $8.1K42,165 SEC
2026-08-14Burke Kevin Gerard
Director, President & Chief Exec Officer
Other 33$19.45 $6423,342 SEC
2026-08-14Bawel David Benjamin
SVP & CHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICER
Other 53$19.45 $1.0K5,420 SEC
2026-08-06Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 18,000$19.67 $354.1K14,154,691 SEC
2026-08-06Hoffman Christina Marie
Sr. VP & Chief Risk Officer
Option exercise 18,000$14.39 $259.0K22,655 SEC
2026-08-06Hoffman Christina Marie
Sr. VP & Chief Risk Officer
Open-market sale 18,000$19.67 $354.1K4,655 SEC
2026-08-04Bixenman Dennis Joseph
Director
Open-market sale 11,250$19.26 $216.7K9,355 SEC
2026-08-04Bixenman Dennis Joseph
Director
Option exercise 4,500$14.09 $63.4K16,105 SEC
2026-08-04Bixenman Dennis Joseph
Director
Option exercise 2,250$14.39 $32.4K11,605 SEC
2026-08-04Bixenman Dennis Joseph
Director
Option exercise 4,500$13.87 $62.4K20,605 SEC
2026-08-04King David Charles
Director
Open-market sale 9,000$19.33 $174.0K3,700 SEC
2026-08-04King David Charles
Director
Option exercise 4,500$14.39 $64.8K8,200 SEC
2026-08-04King David Charles
Director
Option exercise 4,500$14.09 $63.4K12,700 SEC
2026-08-04Deas Noland Rone Jr
Senior Vice President
Option exercise 12,000$15.76 $189.1K27,523 SEC
2026-08-04Deas Noland Rone Jr
Senior Vice President
Open-market sale 24,000$19.47 $467.3K3,523 SEC
2026-08-04Deas Noland Rone Jr
Senior Vice President
Option exercise 4,000$14.09 $56.4K7,523 SEC
2026-08-04Deas Noland Rone Jr
Senior Vice President
Option exercise 8,000$13.87 $111.0K15,523 SEC
2026-07-01Pandey Sanjay
Sr. VP & Chief Info Officer
Other 405$16.03 $6.5K8,697 SEC
2026-07-01Miller Jeffrey Dean
EVP & Chief Financial Officer
Other 649$16.03 $10.4K27,176 SEC
2026-07-01Hoffman Christina Marie
Sr. VP & Chief Risk Officer
Other 81$16.03 $1.3K4,655 SEC
2026-07-01Hay Jeffery Tim
Senior Vice President
Other 661$16.03 $10.6K8,143 SEC
2026-07-01Folmar William Albert
Sr. Vice President
Other 16$16.03 $256999 SEC
2026-07-01Delamater William Daniel
EVP & Chief Oper Officer
Other 324$16.03 $5.2K2,336 SEC
2026-07-01Deas Noland Rone Jr
Senior Vice President
Other 527$16.03 $8.4K3,523 SEC
2026-07-01Burke Kevin Gerard
Director, President & Chief Exec Officer
Other 324$16.03 $5.2K13,870 SEC
2026-07-01Bawel David Benjamin
SVP & CHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICER
Other 515$16.03 $8.3K22,331 SEC
2026-06-23Pandey Sanjay
Sr. VP & Chief Info Officer
Discretionary 28,829$17.75 $511.7K0 SEC
2026-06-12Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,682$17.62 $170.6K14,136,691 SEC
2026-06-11Donegal Mutual Insurance Co
10% owner
Open-market purchase 9,900$17.56 $173.8K14,127,009 SEC

Showing the 60 most recent of 86 transactions.

Well-known investors holding DGICA (13F)

InvestorQuarterSharesReported value% of their 13FChange vs prior quarter
Renaissance Technologies CL A2026-06-30359,911$6.8M0.01%Reduced 8%
Two Sigma Investments CL A2026-06-30197,233$3.7M0.0%Added 11%
AQR Capital Management (Cliff Asness) CL A2026-06-30170,415$3.2M0.0%Reduced 1%
Citadel Advisors (Ken Griffin) CL A2026-06-30110,704$2.1M0.0%Added 77%
Millennium Management (Israel Englander) CL A2026-06-30105,245$2.0M0.0%Reduced 42%
D. E. Shaw & Co. CL A2026-06-3075,242$1.4M0.0%New position

13F reports are filed up to 45 days after quarter end and show long U.S. equity positions only; options positions are omitted here.

Coming soon: email alerts when DGICA files, watchlists and downloadable comparisons.